CANDIDATE INSTRUCTIONS
You are a resident doctor currently working in the emergency department. 60-year-old Kylian Peterson has come in complaining of changes in sensation to his lower limbs.
Please take a complete history
At 7 minutes, the examiner will stop you to ask you some questions.
2 Minutes Reading Time
10 Minutes Station Time
Total 12 Minutes
EXAMINER INSTRUCTIONS
Timing Instructions: At 7 minutes, stop the candidate and ask the following questions:
Question 1: What are your differential diagnoses?
Answer 1:
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Lumbar Stenosis
Radiculopathy
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
Lumbar Vertebra Fracture
Mechanical Back pain
Question 2: What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer 2: Cauda Equina Syndrome
Question 3: What should be performed to aid diagnosis of Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES)?
Answer 3: Clinical Examination and MRI scan. Optional: Myelography, CT scan
Question 4: What would be the immediate management plan if CES has been diagnosed?
Answer 4: Immediate neurosurgical referral for urgent surgical spinal decompression
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Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES)
PATIENT INSTRUCTIONS
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Name: Kylian Peterson
Age: 60 Years Old
Date of Birth: 2nd February 1964
Location: Emergency Department
Occupation: Retired Sales Representative
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“I feel like my legs aren’t mine anymore!”.
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Onset: Started this morning in both my legs, down to the toes
Progression: Came on quite suddenly and got worse over time.
Exacerbating Factors: None
Relieving Factors: Nothing makes it go away.
Associated symptoms: Lower back pain characterised as a severe ache rated 9/10 on the pain scale, loss of sensation in areas surrounding back-passage (peri-anal)
Timing: Constantly there
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Precipitating Factors : Started early in the morning as soon as I got out of bed. Not sure of triggers but may be because I was carrying some heavy boxes when cleaning up my backyard yesterday.
Recent illness: None.
Recent back trauma: None.
Recent travel: None.
Previous episodes: Never experienced this before.
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Ideas: “I don’t know!”
Expectations: “Do I need surgery?”
Concerns: “I’m just worried this is something sinister like cancer.”
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Bowel habits: Lost control of bowel opening
Urinary habits: Have been experiencing troubles urinating, and when am able to wee, there is a loss of sensation of urinating. Urine appears normal in colour.
Appetite: Same as usual.
Sleep: Same as usual
Weight: No change
Pain in the chest/abdomen: None
Headaches: None
Fever: None
Cardiology: Normal
Respiratory: Normal
Ophthalmology: Normal
Upper limb neurology: Normal
No pain in lower limbs
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Previous hospital admissions: None
Previous surgeries: None
Medical conditions:
I’m always healthy other than a bit of a high blood pressure! I manage it with just lifestyle modifications.
Medications:
None
Over the counters:
Paracetamol for back pain. No effect.
Allergies:
None.
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Everyone in the family is healthy and well.
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Smoking: Smokes 2 cigarettes a day for the past 30 years
Alcohol: I don’t drink at all!
Recreational drugs: Never
Diet: My wife cooks at home, sometimes we do go out for meals but we watch our diet carefully
Exercise: I go for walks every morning
Ill contacts: No one around me was recently ill
Home: Lives with wife in a terraced single-storey house
Active Daily Living: Usually mobile and able to perform daily functions normally.
Occupation: Used to work as a builder before becoming a sales rep. I’m now retired.
MARK SCHEME
Introduction
Ideas, Expectations & Concerns
Presenting Complaint
History of Presenting Complaint
Systems Review
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Past Medical History
Drug History
Family History
Social History
Questions
Patient Scores
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Enter Your Score Here: /43
SCORE GUIDE
High Pass: > 38
Pass: > 29
Borderline Pass: 24 – 29
Fail: < 24
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