CANDIDATE INSTRUCTIONS

You are a resident doctor currently working in the emergency department. 60-year-old Kylian Peterson has come in complaining of changes in sensation to his lower limbs.

  1. Please take a complete history

  2. At 7 minutes, the examiner will stop you to ask you some questions.

2 Minutes Reading Time

10 Minutes Station Time

Total 12 Minutes

EXAMINER INSTRUCTIONS

Timing Instructions: At 7 minutes, stop the candidate and ask the following questions:

Question 1: What are your differential diagnoses?

Answer 1: 

  • Cauda Equina Syndrome

  • Lumbar Stenosis

  • Radiculopathy

  • Conus Medullaris Syndrome

  • Lumbar Vertebra Fracture

  • Mechanical Back pain

Question 2: What is the most likely diagnosis? 

Answer 2: Cauda Equina Syndrome

Question 3: What should be performed to aid diagnosis of Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES)?

Answer 3: Clinical Examination and MRI scan. Optional: Myelography, CT scan

Question 4: What would be the immediate management plan if CES has been diagnosed?

Answer 4: Immediate neurosurgical referral for urgent surgical spinal decompression

  • Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES)

PATIENT INSTRUCTIONS

  • Name: Kylian Peterson

    Age: 60 Years Old

    Date of Birth: 2nd February 1964

    Location: Emergency Department

    Occupation: Retired Sales Representative

  • “I feel like my legs aren’t mine anymore!”.

    • Onset: Started this morning in both my legs, down to the toes

    • Progression: Came on quite suddenly and got worse over time.  

    • Exacerbating Factors: None

    • Relieving Factors: Nothing makes it go away.

    • Associated symptoms: Lower back pain characterised as a severe ache rated 9/10 on the pain scale, loss of sensation in areas surrounding back-passage (peri-anal)

    • Timing: Constantly there

    • Precipitating Factors : Started early in the morning as soon as I got out of bed. Not sure of triggers but may be because I was carrying some heavy boxes when cleaning up my backyard yesterday. 

    • Recent illness: None.

    • Recent back trauma: None. 

    • Recent travel: None.

    • Previous episodes: Never experienced this before.

    • Ideas: “I don’t know!”

    • Expectations: “Do I need surgery?”

    • Concerns: “I’m just worried this is something sinister like cancer.”

    • Bowel habits: Lost control of bowel opening

    • Urinary habits: Have been experiencing troubles urinating, and when am able to wee, there is a loss of sensation of urinating. Urine appears normal in colour.

    • Appetite: Same as usual.

    • Sleep: Same as usual

    • Weight: No change 

    • Pain in the chest/abdomen: None

    • Headaches: None

    • Fever: None

    • Cardiology: Normal

    • Respiratory: Normal

    • Ophthalmology: Normal

    • Upper limb neurology: Normal

    • No pain in lower limbs

  • Previous hospital admissions: None

    Previous surgeries: None

    Medical conditions:

    • I’m always healthy other than a bit of a high blood pressure! I manage it with just lifestyle modifications.

    Medications:

    • None

    Over the counters:

    • Paracetamol for back pain. No effect.

    Allergies:

    • None.

  • Everyone in the family is healthy and well.

    • Smoking: Smokes 2 cigarettes a day for the past 30 years

    • Alcohol: I don’t drink at all!

    • Recreational drugs: Never

    • Diet: My wife cooks at home, sometimes we do go out for meals but we watch our diet carefully

    • Exercise: I go for walks every morning  

    • Ill contacts: No one around me was recently ill

    • Home: Lives with wife in a terraced single-storey house

    • Active Daily Living: Usually mobile and able to perform daily functions normally.

    • Occupation: Used to work as a builder before becoming a sales rep. I’m now retired.

MARK SCHEME

Introduction


Ideas, Expectations & Concerns


Presenting Complaint


History of Presenting Complaint


Systems Review


Past Medical History


Drug History


Family History


Social History


Questions


Patient Scores


Enter Your Score Here: /43

SCORE GUIDE

High Pass: > 38

Pass: > 29

Borderline Pass: 24 – 29

Fail: < 24

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